Analysis of a patient with tuberous sclerosis complex due to mosaicism TSC2 mutation / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze variants of TSC1 and TSC2 genes in a Chinese patient with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).@*METHODS@#Peripheral blood samples were collected from the patient and her parents with informed consent. Following extraction of genomic DNA, potential variants of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes was detected by using targeted capture next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing.@*RESULTS@#The patient was found to harbor a de novo mosaicism variant c.3295_3298delG (Val1100CysfsTer3) of the TSC2 gene, with the proportion of the mutant allele determined as 13.4%, which was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the c.3295_3298delG (Val1100CysfsTer3) variant was predicted to be pathogenic (PVS1+PS2+PM2).@*CONCLUSION@#The mosaicism heterozygous variant of c.3295_3298delG of the TSC2 gene, as detected by both NGS and Sanger sequencing, probably underlay the TSC2 in this patient.

Identification of a novel TSC2 gene variant in a patient with tuberous sclerosis complex / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic basis for a patient diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).@*METHODS@#Peripheral blood samples of the patient and his parents were collected for the extraction of genomic DNA. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was carried out to detect potential variant, and the result was verified by Sanger sequencing.@*RESULTS@#The patient was found to harbor a heterozygous c.1053delG (p.Glu352SerfsX10) frameshifting variant of the TSC2 gene. The same variant was not found in his unaffected parents and 100 unrelated healthy controls. Based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines, the variant was predicted to be pathogenic (PVS1+PS2+PM2).@*CONCLUSION@#The novel c.1053delG (p.Glu352SerfsX10) frameshifting variant of the TSC2 gene probably underlay the TSC in this patient.

A case of tuberous sclerosis complex due to a novel splicing variant of TSC2 gene / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic basis for a patient with tuberous sclerosis complex.@*METHODS@#Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from members of his family and 100 unrelated healthy controls. The proband was subjected to next-generation sequencing, and candidate variant was confirmed by multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and Sanger sequencing. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was carried out to determine the relative mRNA expression in the proband.@*RESULTS@#The patient was found to harbor a c.2355+1G>C splicing variant of the TSC2 gene. Sequencing of cDNA confirmed that 62 bases have been inserted into the 3' end of exon 21, which has caused a frameshift producing a truncated protein.@*CONCLUSION@#The novel splicing variant c.2355+1G>C of the TSC2 gene probably underlay the TSC in the proband. Above finding has expanded the variant spectrum of TSC2 and provided a basis for preimplantation genetic testing and/or prenatal diagnosis.

Genetic screening and prenatal diagnosis in high-risk families with tuberous sclerosis complex syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To carry out genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis for 29 Chinese pedigrees affected with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and assess efficacy of combined next generation sequencing (NGS) and multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for the diagnosis.@*METHODS@#NGS and MLPA were used in conjunct to detect variants of TSC1 and TSC2 genes among the probands of the pedigrees. Paternity test was carried out to exclude maternal DNA contamination. Prenatal diagnosis was provided to 14 couples based on the discoveries in the probands.@*RESULTS@#Twenty-seven variants were identified in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes among the 29 pedigrees, which yielded a detection rate of 93.1%. Respectively, 5 (18.5%) and 22 (81.5%) variants were identified in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes. Twelve variants were unreported previously. Prenatal diagnosis showed that five fetuses were affected with TSC, whilst the remaining nine were unaffected.@*CONCLUSION@#Above finding has expanded the spectrum of TSC1 and TSC2 gene variants. Combined NGS and MLPA has enabled diagnosis of TSC with efficiency and accuracy.

Analysis of clinical features and genetic variants in a Chinese pedigree affected with tuberous sclerosis / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the clinical features of a Chinese pedigree affected with tuberculosis sclerosis and explore its molecular pathogenesis.@*METHODS@#Clinical data of the proband and members of his pedigree were collected. Whole exome sequencing was carried out to detect variants of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes. Candidate variants was verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis.@*RESULTS@#The proband and his mother, who also had mild features of tuberous sclerosis, were found to harbor a novel heterozygous c.4183C>T (p.Q1395X) variant of the TSC2 gene, which was absent in the 4 healthy relatives. Bioinformatic analysis suggested the variant to be likely pathogenic.@*CONCLUSION@#The heterozygous c.4183C>T (p.Q1395X) variant of the TSC2 gene probably underlay the disease in this pedigree. Above finding has expanded the spectrum of TSC2 gene variants. The more severe symptoms in the proband may be attributed to phenotypic heterogeneity of this disease.

Genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis for a pedigree affected with tuberous sclerosis complex / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic basis for Chinese pedigree affected with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).@*METHODS@#The proband and his family members were subjected to Sanger sequencing for variants of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes.@*RESULTS@#The proband was found to harbor a c.2837+1dupG splicing variant at a donor site of the TSC2 gene. The same variant was not found among his family members and the fetus during his mother's subsequent pregnancy.@*CONCLUSION@#The c.2837+1dupG splicing variant of the TSC2 gene has probably predisposed to the TSC in this pedigree. Above finding has enriched the spectrum of pathogenic variants associated with this disease.

Genetic analysis of a mosaic case with low proportion mutation of / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To perform gene mutation analysis in a patient with atypical clinical manifestations of tuberous sclerosis (TSC) for definite diagnosis.@*METHODS@#Peripheral blood DNA was obtained from a patient with clinically suspected TSC and her parents, and all exons and their flanking sequences of @*RESULTS@#A heterozygous nonsense mutation c.1096G>T (p.E366*) was identified in the exon 11 of the @*CONCLUSIONS@#The somatic mosaic mutation c.1096G>T (p.e366*) may be responsible for the phenotype of TSC in this patient. And the drop digital PCR is expected to be a diagnostic method for somatic cells mosaicism.

Tuberous sclerosis complex: review based on new diagnostic criteria

Abstract: Tuberous sclerosis complex is a multisystemic, autosomal dominant genetic disorder with complete penetrance, that can evolve with hamartomas in multiple organs, such as skin, central nervous system, kidney and lung. Due to the wide phenotypic variability, the disease is often not recognized. Tuberous sclerosis complex affects one in 10,000 newborns and most patients are diagnosed during the first 15 months of life. The diagnostic criteria for tuberous sclerosis were reviewed in 2012, at the second International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference. The diagnosis is based on genetic criteria, by the identification of inactivating pathogenic mutation of tumor suppressor genes TSC1 and TSC2, and clinical criteria, including cutaneous, renal, pulmonary, cardiac and neurological manifestations. The treatment of tuberous sclerosis complex consists, mainly, in management of the symptoms caused by hamartomas and in prevention of organ failure. Multidisciplinary approach is recommended, in order to obtain better clinical outcomes.

Nueva mutación del gen TSC2 en un paciente pediátrico con diagnóstico clínico de esclerosis tuberosa / Novel mutation in TSC2 gene in pediatric patient with clinical diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis

El complejo de esclerosis tuberosa es un desorden neurocutáneo autosómico dominante causado por mutaciones en los genes TSC1 o TSC2. El diagnóstico se basa en criterios clínicos o el criterio genético. La presentación clínica es altamente variable y las manifestaciones de la enfermedad pueden desarrollarse durante toda la vida. Se reporta el caso de un niño que cumple criterios clínicos para el diagnóstico de esclerosis tuberosa y cuyo estudio molecular identificó una variante nueva del gen TSC2. Se trata de una mutación sin sentido, esporádica, no reportada previamente (c.583_586dupATCG) localizada en el exón 6, que provoca un codón de parada temprano y altera la estructura de la proteína. Puede considerarse una variante patogénica por el tipo de mutación y permite ampliar el espectro de variantes del gen TSC2 como causa del complejo de esclerosis tuberosa.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurocutaneous autosomal dominant disorder that results from mutations within either the TSC1 gene or the TSC2 gene. Diagnosis is based on well-established clinical criteria or genetic criteria. Clinical features are highly variable and could be developing over the life. We present a case of TSC with a molecular test that identified a novel variant in TSC2 gene. It is a sporadic missense mutation which has not been previously reported in the literature. It is caused by premature termination of protein translation and results in the production of truncated and non-functional proteins. This mutation is considered as a pathogenic variant and allows to broaden the spectrum of variants of TSC2 gene as a cause of TSC.

Complejo esclerosis tuberosa: diagnóstico, manejo pre y posnatal: reporte de un caso clínico / Tuberous sclerosis complex: diagnosis, pre and postnatal management: report of a clinical case

El Complejo Esclerosis Tuberosa es un síndrome neurocutáneo multisistémico producido por un padecimiento genético hereditario de carácter autosómico dominante de alta penetrancia y una expresividad variable. Afecta a muchos órganos, principalmente a la piel, cerebro, sistema nervioso, riñones y corazón. La causa es una mutación en uno de los genes TSC1 o TSC2; se ha estimado que su incidencia es de 1 en 5.000 a 10.000 nacidos vivos. Se reporta el caso clínico de una gestante derivado al servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital Obrero No 2 de la Caja Nacional de Salud por hallazgo ecográfico cardiaco anormal. El estudio morfológico en el servicio concluyó que se trataba de una probable esclerosis tuberosa; al término del embarazo se realizó cesárea abdominal por causa obstétrica. Los estudios postnatales confirmaron los hallazgos.

The Tuberous Sclerosis Complex is a multisystem neurocutaneous syndrome produced by a hereditary genetic disease of an autosomal dominant gene with high penetrance and variable expressiveness. It affects many organs mainly to the skin, brain, nervous system, kidneys and heart. The cause is a mutation in one of the genes TSC1 or TSC2; it has been considered that its incidence is 1 in 5.000 to 10.000 born alive. The clinical case of a pregnant woman was reported and referred to the Gynecology and Obstetrics service of the Obrero Hospital No 2 of the Caja Nacional de Salud due to an abnormal cardiac ultrasound finding. The morphological study in the service concluded that it was about a probable tuberous sclerosis; at the end of the pregnancy, a cesarean surgery was performed for obstetrical reasons. The postnatal studies confirmed the discoveries.

Estudio clínico genético en pacientes con complejo de esclerosis tuberosa / Clinical and genetic study patients with tuberous sclerosis complex

El complejo de esclerosis tuberosa (CET) es una enfermedad autosómica dominante multisistémica producida por mutaciones en los genes supresores de tumores TSC1 o TSC2. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y genéticamente pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de CET. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo de registros clínicos de 42 pacientes pediátricos controlados en un servicio de neuropsiquiatría infantil con diagnóstico de CET y estudio genético en 21 de ellos. Se amplificó por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y secuenció el exón 15 del gen TSC1 y los exones 33, 36 y 37 del gen TSC2. Se analizó la relación entre las mutaciones encontradas con la severidad y evolución clínica. Resultados: En el 61,9% de los pacientes las manifestaciones comenzaron antes de los 6 meses de edad. Las manifestaciones iniciales de CET más frecuentes fueron las crisis convulsivas (73,8%) y el hallazgo de rabdomiomas cardiacos (16,6%). Durante su evolución, todos los pacientes presentaron compromiso neurológico; el 92,9% presentó epilepsia. Todos los pacientes presentaron máculas hipomelanóticas, 47,6% pangiofibromas faciales, 23,8% parches de Shagreen, 47,6% rabdomiomas cardiacos y 35,7% hamartomas retinianos. El estudio genético realizado a 21 pacientes identificó 2 mutaciones heterocigotas patogénicas en TSC1 y una en TSC2. Este último paciente presentaba un fenotipo clínico más severo. Conclusiones: Las manifestaciones neurológicas y dermatológicas fueron las más frecuentes en los pacientes con CET. Se identificaron 2 mutaciones patogénicas en el gen TSC1 y una en el gen TSC2. La mutación en TSC2 se manifestó en un fenotipo clínico más severo.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in the tumor suppressor genes TSC1 or TSC2. Objective: To characterize clinically and genetically patients diagnosed with TSC. Patients and Method: Descriptive study of clinical records of 42 patients from a pediatric neuropsychiatry department diagnosed with TSC and genetic study in 21 of them. The exon 15 of TSC1 gene and exons 33, 36 and 37 of TSC2 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The relationship between the mutations found with the severity and clinical course were analyzed. Results: In 61.9% of the patients the symptoms began before 6 months of age. The initial most frequent manifestations of TSC were new onset of seizures (73.8%) and the detection of cardiac rhabdomyomas (16.6%). During the evolution of the disease all patients had neurological involvement; 92.9% had epilepsy. All patients presented hypomelanotic spots, 47.6% facial angiofibromas, 23.8% Shagreen patch, 47.6 heart rhabdomyomas and 35.7% retinal hamartomas. In the genetic study of 21 patients two heterozygous pathogenic mutations in TSC1 and one in TSC2 genes were identified. The latter had a more severe clinical phenotype. Conclusions: Neurological and dermatological manifestations were the most frequent ones in patients with TSC. Two pathogenic mutations in TSC1 and one in TSC2 genes were identified. The patient with TSC2 mutation manifested a more severe clinical phenotype.

Esclerosis tuberosa / Tuberous sclerosis

La esclerosis tuberosa es un cuadro sistémico, cuya característica principal es la presencia de hamartomas múltiples que afectan fundamentalmente la piel, el sistema nervioso central, los ojos, el corazón, los riñones, los pulmones y los huesos. Se transmite en forma autosómica dominante y ocurre por mutaciones en dos genes, TCS1 y TCS2, que codifican las proteínas hamartina y tuberina, respectivamente, y se comportan como supresores tumorales. Existen criterios diagnósticos mayores y menores bien establecidos para su reconocimiento y, por ser una genodermatosis compleja, requiere un manejo interdisciplinario. El dermatólogo tiene un rol importante en su reconocimiento, ya que varias de las manifestaciones clínicas tempranas son cutáneas.

Tuberous sclerosis is a systemic disorder characterized by multiple hamartomas that mainly affect central nervous system, eyes, heart, kidneys, lungs and bones. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and determined by the mutations of two genes, TCS1 and TCS2, that codify the proteins hamartine and tuberine respectively and are tumoral suppressor genes. Well established major and minor diagnostic criteria exist for its recognition. This is a complex genetic disease and patients need a multidisciplinary follow-up. Dermatologists have an important role in its recognition once several early manifestations are cutaneous.

Esclerosis tuberosa: presentación de un caso / Tuberous sclerosis. a case report

La Esclerosis Tuberosa es una enfermedad autosómica dominante que aparece como consecuencia de una hiperplasia genéticamente programada de las células ectodérmicas y mesodérmicas, se manifiesta en forma de diversas lesiones en piel, afecta al sistema nervioso central (hemartomas), corazón, riñón y otros órganos. Se presenta un caso de 53 años de edad, raza negra, sexo femenino, con antecedente de padecer de epilepsia para lo cual no realiza tratamiento estable y de padecer hace aproximadamente 20 años de fibromas ungueales en manos y pies, motivo por el cual asiste a consulta. Al examen físico se observa en piel un cuadro cutáneo diseminado en cabeza, cuello, tronco, miembros superiores e inferiores, dado por máculas hipomelanóticas, de pequeño tamaño en confetti de 1 a 2 mm, lesiones papulonodulares en la cara (adenomas sebáceos). Múltiples placas localizadas en espalda, abdomen y nalga, dando el aspecto de piel de zapa o tafiletes o peau de chagrín en francés, como lo describe la literatura (hemartomas del tejido conjuntivo). Fibromas ungueales en los dedos de manos y pies de variable tamaño, histopatologicamente alteraciones propias de la enfermedad. Además se encuentran alteraciones en la tomografía axial computarizada y alteraciones renales que influyen en la buena calidad de vida de esta paciente

The Tuberous Sclerosis is an autosomal dominant disease that appears as a result of hyperplasia genetically programmed from ectodermic and mesodermic cells, It takes the form of various skin lesions, CNS (hamartomas), heart, kidney and other organs.It reports a case of 53-year-old, black, female, with a history of suffering epilepsy for which no no carried out a stable treatment and she suffers ungual fibroids in hands and feet about 20 years ago, that´s why she attended our practice. Physical examination found a cutaneous picture spread in head, neck, trunk, upper and lower, given by hypomelanotic macules, confetti small in 1 to 2 mm, papulonodular lesions on the face (sebaceous adenomas). Multiple localized plaques in back, abdomen and buttock skin giving the appearance of Tafilet leather or shagreen or "peau de chagrin" in French, as described in the literature (hemartomas tissue). Ungual fibroids on fingers and toes of variable size, histopathological changes characteristic of the disease. It also found alterations in CAT and renal disorders that influence the quality of life of this patient

Rare association of Turner syndrome with neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex.

We report a rare association of Turner syndrome with both Neurofibromatosis type I and Tuberous Sclerosis. The patient had XOkaryotype with Turners stigmata and also had features of Neurofibromatosis 1 in the form of significant café-au-lait spots and Plexiform neurofibroma along with typical features of Tuberous Sclerosis complex. Pedigree analysis revealed that the elder brother of the proband in the family also suffered from Tuberous Sclerosis without the manifestation of Neurofibromatosis or any other genetic disorders. We hypothesize that these associations could be due to new independent mutations and also increased maternal and paternal age in a pre-disposition of Turner syndrome.

Tuberous sclerosis complex: advances in diagnosis, genetics, and management

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant multisystem neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by the development of multiple hamartomas distributed throughout the body, skin, brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs. Two-thirds of patients represent sporadic mutations. The classic triad is seizures, mental retardation, and cutaneous angiofibromas. However, the full triad occurs in only 29 por cento of patients; 6por cento of them lack all three of them. Two tumor suppressor genes responsible for TSC have been identified: TSC1 gene on chromosome 9 and TSC2 on chromosome 16. This article highlights the most recent significant advances in the diagnosis and genetics of TSC, along with a discussion on the limitations and the usefulness of the revised 1998 clinical criteria for the tuberous sclerosis complex. The [quot ]ash leaf[quot ] macule often comes in other shapes, such as round; most are polygonal, usually 0.5 cm to 2.0 cm in diameter, resembling a thumbprint. Since the death of its describer, Thomas Fitzpatrick, we call each a [quot ]Fitzpatrick patch.[quot ] Special attention is paid in this work to TSC treatment options, including therapeutic trials with rapamycin, also known as sirolimus. LEARNING OBJECTIVE: After completing this learning activity, participants should familiar with tuberous sclerosis complex, its cutaneous signs and systemic findings stratified by patient age, its genetics, and the potential for meaningful therapeutic intervention.

Manifestação clínica familiar em pacientes com defeito neuromesoectodérmico / Familial clinical manifestation in patients with neuromesoectodermic defect

Relatamos a associação de dois casos distintos de neuromesoectodermose ocorridos em uma mesma família, um manifestado através da neurofibromatose tipo 1 e outro através da esclerose tuberosa. O encontro de dois distúrbios entre primos de primeiro grau, ocasionados por diferentes mutações genéticas e transmitidos por herança autossômica dominante, sugere uma possível correlação entre eles. Também são descritas as manifestações clínicas, suas conseqüências e os critérios diagnósticos das duas doenças, visando ressaltar a importância do diagnóstico precoce.

We relate the association of two distinct cases of neuromesoectodermosis occurred in a family, one manifested as neurofibromatosis type 1 and the other as tuberous sclerosis. The two anomalies at cousins, caused by different genetic mutations and transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance, suggest a possible relation between them. Also, clinical manifestations are described, their consequences and the diagnostic criteria of both illnesses, emphatizing the importance of the precocious diagnosis.